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assignmentutor-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写博弈论Game Theory方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写博弈论Game Theory代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写博弈论Game Theory相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 经济代写|博弈论代写Game Theory代考|Contributing to the Common Benefit at a Cost

Consider a situation in which a pair of individuals engage in an activity, where each member of the pair decides how much effort to expend on some common good. The more effort that an individual expends, the greater the benefit each member of the pair derives from the common good, but the greater the cost paid by that individual. For example, when two birds forage together and must be wary of predators, we can equate effort with the proportion of time spent vigilant. The more time an individual devotes to vigilance, the more likely that the pair will be warned of the approach of a predator (the common benefit to the pair), but the less time that individual will be able to forage (the cost to the individual).

When two animals pair up to hunt down prey the probability that prey is captured increases with the effort of each, but the cost of hunting in terms of the energy expended by an individual and its risk of injury increases with its hunting effort. Predator inspection by a pair of fish might also involve a joint benefit at individual cost. In such scenarios, because there is a common good but individual costs there is a conflict of interest: each would prefer their partner to expend the majority of the effort so that they benefit from the common good but pay less cost. In order to model how this conflict of interest is resolved we first make a number of simplifying assumptions that are also used in many other games:

• The population is large.
• When individuals pair up they do so at random.
• When individuals choose their effort they do so without knowledge of the choice of effort of their partner. Furthermore, they are then committed to their chosen effort even when the effort of their partner becomes known. This assumption is often referred to by saying that moves are simultancous, that the game is one-shot or that there are sealed bids. In many cases the assumption is unrealistic, but it is made hoping that a simplified analysis can reveal essential features of a phenomenon.
• Individuals have the same abilities, benefits, and costs.
• The game has symmetric roles, so there is no labelling difference such as male and female or territory owner and intruder.

## 经济代写|博弈论代写Game Theory代考|The Prisoner’s Dilemma Game

The evolution of helping might well be the most studied problem in game theory in biology. The reason is in part that helping and cooperation are important for many organisms, but even more that the evolution of helping appears as a challenging problem for Darwinian theorizing (e.g. Sachs et al., 2004). So why would helping evolvein particular if it is costly to the individual that is providing help? This conundrum is captured by the Prisoner’s Dilemma model. Here we present a special case of that model. In this model population members meet in pairs. Each pair member takes one of two actions: one action, ‘cooperate’ $(C)$, is to give help to the partner; the other, ‘defect’ (D), is to withhold help. An example of giving help might be sharing food with a hungry partner, as happens in vampire bats (Wilkinson et al., 2016). For the game the usual simplifying assumptions (above) such as random pairing apply. The payoff to a recipient of help is $b$. However, helping the partner reduces own payoff by $c$. It is assumed that $b>c$ so that the benefit to others of getting help exceeds the cost to the helping individual. Table $3.1$ gives payoffs of combinations of actions. It can be seen that this game differs from that of contributing to a common benefit at a cost (Section 3.1), not just in having two rather than a continuum of actions, but also in that an individual’s investment only benefits the partner and not itself.

Consider the case where there are just the two strategics: always cooperate and always defect. If the partner cooperates the best action of the focal individual is to defect since $b>b-c$. If the partner defects the best action is also to defect since $0>-c$. Thus the best response to any resident population strategy is always to defect, and this strategy is the unique Nash equilibrium. The dilemma in this example is that at the Nash equilibrium population members achieve a payoff of 0 , whereas if they had always cooperated they would have achieved the higher payoff of $b-c$. Of course such a cooperative population would not be evolutionarily stable since mutant defectors would invade. The Prisoner’s Dilemma is often presented with a more general payoff structure than here, although the dilemma remains the same: defection is the unique Nash equilibrium strategy, but population members would do better if they all cooperated.

## 经济代写|博弈论代写Game Theory代考|Contributing to the Common Benefit at a Cost

• 人口众多。
• 当个人配对时，他们会随机配对。
• 当个人选择他们的努力时，他们会在不知道他们的合作伙伴的努力选择的情况下这样做。此外，即使他们的合作伙伴的努力众所周知，他们也会致力于他们选择的努力。这种假设通常被称为移动是同时的，游戏是单发的，或者有密封的出价。在许多情况下，这种假设是不切实际的，但希望通过简化的分析能够揭示现象的基本特征。
• 个人具有相同的能力、利益和成本。
• 游戏的角色是对称的，因此没有男女或领地所有者和入侵者等标签差异。

## 有限元方法代写

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

assignmentutor™您的专属作业导师
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