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assignmentutor-lab™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在代写微观经济学Microeconomics方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的统计Statistics代写服务。我们的专家在代写微观经济学Microeconomics代写方面经验极为丰富，各种代写微观经济学Microeconomics相关的作业也就用不着说。

• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 经济代写|微观经济学代写Microeconomics代考|The ‘Reduction’ to an Exchange Economy

The system of equations (A-B-C-D) can be reduced by substitution to a system of equations describing an equilibrium of (direct and indirect) exchange of factor services among consumers, formally equivalent to the equations of an equilibrium of pure exchange. This equivalence can be given a concrete interpretation. Suppose CRS is valid even for production on very small scale, and that, exploiting CRS, each household sets up minifirms producing all and only the consumption goods it demands. Then households do not purchase consumption goods from other agents; they only demand factor services and offer factor services to other households in exchange. Factor services would be the only things exchanged in such a hypothetical economy; equation ( $\mathrm{D}^{* *}$ ) below would be the standard representation of the equilibrium conditions. This makes it highly visible that, by demanding consumption goods, consumers indirectly demand factor services, and thus that the production-and-exchange economy is ultimately an economy of indirect exchange of factor services.

Let us start by remembering how everything depends on the vector of factor rentals. For any given $\mathbf{v}$, equations (A) determine $\mathbf{p}$, so we can consider $\mathbf{p}$ a function of $\mathbf{v}$ and write $\mathbf{p}(\mathbf{v})$. Then consumer demands for products and supplies of factors can be seen as functions only of $\mathbf{v}$ : in vector notation, $Q(\mathbf{p}, \mathbf{v})$ and $X(\mathbf{p}, \mathbf{v})$ can be rewritten as $Q^(\mathbf{v}), X^(\mathbf{v})$. Then, assuming equations (B) are satisfied, the vector of quantities to be produced $\mathbf{q}$ can be replaced by $Q^*(\mathbf{v})$; and therefore using equations (C) the demands for factors by firms can be seen as functions of $\mathbf{v}$ only:

$$x_i^(\mathbf{v}) \equiv \sum_j a_{i j}(\mathbf{v}) Q_j^(\mathbf{v}) .$$
Hence both supplies and demands for factors are determined once $\mathbf{v}$ is assigned, and equations (D) suffice as equilibrium conditions if rewritten, using vectors, as
$$\left(\mathrm{D}^\right) \quad \mathbf{X}^(\mathbf{v}) \geq \mathbf{x}^* \text { (v) and } v_i=0 \text { if } X_i>x_i \text {. }$$
Now define the factor derived excess demand vector function as
$$\zeta(\mathbf{v}) \equiv \mathbf{x}^(\mathbf{v})-\mathbf{X}^(\mathbf{v}),$$
where ‘derived is to stress it is expressed as a function of $\mathbf{v}$ only; then equations $\left(\mathrm{D}^\right)$ become the standard equilibrium condition of an exchange equilibrium: excess demands must be non-positive, with factors having the role of the goods of the exchange economy: $$\left(\mathrm{D}^{ *}\right) \quad \zeta(\mathbf{v}) \leq \mathbf{0} .$$

## 经济代写|微观经济学代写Microeconomics代考|The Role of Demand in Determining Product Prices

We can now clarify the role of the composition of demand for consumption goods in the determination of equilibrium prices.

In the marginal/neoclassical approach to income distribution, demand is able to influence product prices only to the extent to which it influences factor rentals (i.e. income distribution). Once the vector of factor rentals is given, equilibrium product prices are given. The influence of the quantities demanded on product prices operates through its effect on factor rentals owing to its influence on the demand for factors. ${ }^{50}$

I illustrate the issue for the simple case of rigid factor supplies. ${ }^{51}$ We are interested in equilibrium in all factor markets before and after the change in demand for a product. Assume equilibrium is unique. We can define the general equilibrium supply curve of a product as the function that indicates how the price of the product in terms of the chosen numéraire changes as we parametrically change the amount demanded (and hence produced) of the good in equilibrium. This curve will be upward sloping as long as the numéraire good is produced with average factor proportions while the product in question is not. ${ }^{52}$ To fix ideas, suppose the product is labour-intensive. As the quantity demanded and hence produced of this good shifts upwards (because of a change in tastes), if neither relative prices, nor technical coefficients, nor the composition of demand for the other goods change, then demand for labour rises, becoming greater than supply (I am assuming the starting point was an equilibrium, then there is a change in tastes). The rental of labour rises, and this activates both the direct and the indirect substitution mechanisms: firms tend to use less labour per unit of land,and consumers tend to reduce their demand for labour-intensive goods, but not for the good we are studying, whose demand by assumption has increased: the indirect substitution mechanism operates by changing the relative dimension of the industries producing the other consumption goods. Thus assume there are three consumption goods, corn, cloth and meat, produced by labour and land; corn is the good for which demand increases; cloth is more labour-intensive than meat; the rise in the price of labour causes the price of cloth to rise relative to the price of meat, causing (if the indirect substitution mechanism works ‘well’, aiding rather than endangering stability) a shift in favour of meat in the composition of that part of demand which goes to cloth and meat; this reduces the average labour-land proportion on the land employed in productions other than corn. The effect of both factor substitution processes is to counter the initial increase in the demand for labour, and the rise in the price of labour will go on until equilibrium is re-established in factor markets in the face of the increased corn production. But since the initial assumption was that corn is relative labour-intensive, the effect is to raise the relative price of corn. Thus the general equilibrium supply the effect is to raise the relative price of corn. Thus the general equilibrium supply curve of corn, derived by assuming that equilibrium in factor markets is mainHowever, if the good only absorbs a very small portion of total factor use, modHowever, if the good only absorbs a very small portion of total factor use, modchanges in relative factor prices, so the supply curve will be almost horizontal, and the partial-equilibrium horizontal supply curve can be considered a reasonable approximation.

# 微观经济学代考

## 经济代写|微观经济学代写微观经济学代考|“减少”为交换经济

$$x_i^(\mathbf{v}) \equiv \sum_j a_{i j}(\mathbf{v}) Q_j^(\mathbf{v}) .$$因此，要素的供给和需求都只确定一次 $\mathbf{v}$ ，方程(D)足够作为平衡条件，如果重写，使用向量，如
$$\left(\mathrm{D}^\right) \quad \mathbf{X}^(\mathbf{v}) \geq \mathbf{x}^* \text { (v) and } v_i=0 \text { if } X_i>x_i \text {. }$$现在定义因子衍生的超额需求向量函数为
$$\zeta(\mathbf{v}) \equiv \mathbf{x}^(\mathbf{v})-\mathbf{X}^(\mathbf{v}),$$

## 有限元方法代写

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

assignmentutor™您的专属作业导师
assignmentutor™您的专属作业导师