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• Statistical Inference 统计推断
• Statistical Computing 统计计算
• (Generalized) Linear Models 广义线性模型
• Statistical Machine Learning 统计机器学习
• Longitudinal Data Analysis 纵向数据分析
• Foundations of Data Science 数据科学基础

## 物理代写|光电技术代写Photovoltaic Technology代考|HBZVR-D Topology

HBZVR-D inverter [15] is designed with an ac bidirectional freewheeling path and a CMV clamping branch as shown in Fig. 38. The bidirectional freewheeling path consists of a switch, $S_5$, and a full-bridge rectifier $\left(D_1-D_4\right)$. Diodes $D_5$ and $D_6$ form the clamping branch of the freewheeling path. The voltage divider is made up of two capacitors.

Each pair of the diagonal switches, i.e., $S_1, S_4$ and $S_2, S_3$, is operated simultaneously at switching frequency during the positive and negative half-cycle respectively. Current flows through the corresponding pair of diagonal switches to generate the desired unipolar voltage as shown in Fig. 39. On the other hand, $S_5$, is ON during the freewheeling period. Current freewheels through $D_2$ and $D_3$, and, $D_1$ and $D_4$ during the positive and negative half-cycle respectively. At the same time, $D_5$ or $D_6$ conducts and clamps the CMV to constant, $V_{\mathrm{DC}} / 2$, as presented in Fig. $40 .$ The leakage current is completely eliminated.

The clamping branch of HBZVR-D ensures the complete clamping of CMV to $V_{\mathrm{DC}} / 2$ during the freewheeling period. It is well noted that the output current flows through only two switches in every conduction period. This explains why HBZVR-D has relatively higher efficiency than those of DC decoupling topologies. HBZVR-D combines the advantages of the low-loss $\mathrm{AC}$ decoupling method and the complete leakage current elimination of the CMV clamping method.

## 物理代写|光电技术代写Photovoltaic Technology代考|The Mathematical Model

The PV cell is made up of semiconductor materials which can convert solar irradiance into electrical energy. Based on the electronics theory of semiconductor p-n junction, it can be described by a current source. The equivalent circuit model of PV cell is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of an ideal current source $I_{\mathrm{ph}}$ in parallel, reverse diode, series resistance $R_{\mathrm{s}}$ and parallel resistance every $R_{\mathrm{sh}}[1]$.
$I_{\mathrm{ph}}$ is the PV generated current which is relative to the solar radiation and temperature. The stronger the irradiance is, the greater the $I_{\mathrm{ph}}$ will be. The output character of a single PV cell is described as
$$i=I_{\mathrm{ph}}-I_0\left[\exp \left(\frac{q\left(u+i R_{\mathrm{s}}\right)}{A k T}\right)-1\right]-\frac{\left(u+i R_{\mathrm{s}}\right)}{R_{\mathrm{sh}}}$$
where $I_0$ is the PV cell reverse saturation current that mainly depends on the temperature (its magnitude is $\left.10^{-4} \mathrm{~A}\right), q$ is the electronic charge of an electron $\left(1.6 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{C}\right), T$ is the temperature of the PV cell, $k$ is Boltzmann’s constant $\left(1.38 \times 10^{-23} \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{K}\right), A$ is the ideality factor (1.2 for Si-mono), $i$ the PV cell output current, $u$ the PV cell output voltage, $R_{\mathrm{s}}$ and $R_{\mathrm{sh}}$ the equalized resistors that related to the temperature.

Although (1) has been widely used in the analysis of PV cell theory, but the expression of five parameters, including $I_{\mathrm{ph}}, I_0, R_{\mathrm{sh}}, R_{\mathrm{s}}$ and $A$ appeared in the equation, are not only related to the temperature and the irradiance levels, but also it is difficult to determine, and inconvenience in the engineering application, so we do the following simplification.

• Due to $R_{\mathrm{sh}}$ is very big and $I_{\mathrm{sh}}$ have little impact on the photocurrent, so we can ignore the value of $V+I R_s / R_{\mathrm{sh}}$.
• Set $I_{\mathrm{ph}}$ is equal to $I_{\mathrm{sc}}$, because $R$ is very small.
• Define the open-circuit conditions $u=U_{\mathrm{oc}}, U=U_{\mathrm{m}}$ and $I=I_{\mathrm{m}}$ at the MPP.

# 光电技术代考

## 物理代写|光电技术代写光伏科技代考|HBZVR-D Topology

HBZVR-D逆变器[15]设计有交流双向自由轮路径和CMV夹紧支路，如图38所示。双向自由轮路径由开关$S_5$和全桥整流器$\left(D_1-D_4\right)$组成。二极管$D_5$和$D_6$构成自由轮路径的夹紧分支。分压器是由两个电容器组成的

HBZVR-D的夹紧分支确保CMV在自由轮期间完全夹紧$V_{\mathrm{DC}} / 2$。值得注意的是，输出电流在每个导通周期中只通过两个开关。这就解释了为什么HBZVR-D比直流解耦拓扑具有相对更高的效率。HBZVR-D结合了低损耗$\mathrm{AC}$解耦法和CMV夹紧法的完全漏电流消除的优点

## 物理代写|光电技术代写光伏技术代考|数学模型

. PV电池是由半导体材料组成的，它可以把太阳辐照度转换成电能。根据半导体p-n结的电子学理论，它可以用电流源来描述。PV电池的等效电路模型如图1所示。它由一个理想的并联电流源$I_{\mathrm{ph}}$、反向二极管、串联电阻$R_{\mathrm{s}}$和并联电阻每$R_{\mathrm{sh}}[1]$组成，
$I_{\mathrm{ph}}$是PV产生的相对于太阳辐射和温度的电流。辐照度越强，$I_{\mathrm{ph}}$值越大。单个PV电池的输出特性描述为
$$i=I_{\mathrm{ph}}-I_0\left[\exp \left(\frac{q\left(u+i R_{\mathrm{s}}\right)}{A k T}\right)-1\right]-\frac{\left(u+i R_{\mathrm{s}}\right)}{R_{\mathrm{sh}}}$$
，其中$I_0$是主要取决于温度的PV电池反饱和电流(其大小为$\left.10^{-4} \mathrm{~A}\right), q$是电子的电荷$\left(1.6 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{C}\right), T$是PV电池的温度，$k$是玻尔兹曼常数$\left(1.38 \times 10^{-23} \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{K}\right), A$是理想因子(Si-mono为1.2)，$i$是PV电池输出电流，PV电池输出电压$u$，与温度相关的均衡电阻$R_{\mathrm{s}}$和$R_{\mathrm{sh}}$

• 由于$R_{\mathrm{sh}}$非常大，$I_{\mathrm{sh}}$对光电流的影响很小，所以我们可以忽略$V+I R_s / R_{\mathrm{sh}}$的值
• 设置$I_{\mathrm{ph}}$等于$I_{\mathrm{sc}}$，因为$R$非常小。
• 在MPP上定义开路条件$u=U_{\mathrm{oc}}, U=U_{\mathrm{m}}$和$I=I_{\mathrm{m}}$

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。

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